C

This Course main objective for the student to develop primary programming skills upto the higher end in order solve the different programming logics. The student can able write different type of logics at the end of the sessions. After Completion the student can able to attend any MNC Company interview and can solve the technical rounds both theoretically and Practically.

• To learn importance of ‘C’ Language in programming.
• To learn each and every concept of ‘C’ Language in Theory and Practice.
• To learn essentials such as programming techniques & Decision Making Statements.
• To write logic by using Looping mechanisms.
• To learn reusability through Functions.
• To develop applications using Console Based Mechanisms.
• To write programs using Arrays.
• To understand functionality of Arrays and Pointers.
• To learn dynamic allocation of memory using Pointers.
• To develop an ability To read and write data from files.
• To learn use of Pre-Processor Directives in a ‘C’ program.
• To learn how to use Command Line Arguments.

1. Introduction to C
2. Tokens inC
3. Data types
4. Formatted Input/Output
5. Operators
6. Expressions
7. Selection Statements
8. Loops
9. Arrays
10. Functions
11. Pointers
12. Pointers and Arrays
13. Strings
14. The Preprocesso
15. Structures, Unions, and Enumerations
16. File IO

 

 c sri       computer_programming_aps_17012013

 

 

week 1:

 

 

C program to check odd or even using modulus operator

#include

main()

{ int n; printf("Enter an integer\n"); scanf("%d",&n); if ( n%2 == 0 ) printf("Even\n"); else printf("Odd\n"); return 0; }
1) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent
terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence.

program:

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int num1=0, num2=1,no,counter,fab;
clrscr();

printf("<===========PROGRAM TO FIND THE FIBONACCI SERIES UP TO N NO. IN SERIES=========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\tENTER LENGTH OF SERIES (N) : ");
scanf("%d",&no);

printf("\n\n\t\t\t<----FIBONACCI SERIES---->");
printf("\n\n\t\t%d %d",num1,num2);

//LOOP WILL RUN FOR 2 TIME LESS IN SERIES AS THESE WAS PRINTED IN ADVANCE
for(counter = 1; counter <= no-2; counter++)
{
fab=num1 + num2;
printf(" %d",fab);
num1=num2;
num2=fab;
}
getch();
}

2) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user.

program:

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int no,counter,counter1,check;
clrscr();
printf("<-----------------------PRIME NO. SERIES------------------------>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tINPUT THE VALUE OF N: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
printf("\n\nTHE PRIME NO. SERIES B/W 1 TO %d : \n\n",no);

for(counter = 1; counter <= no; counter++)
{
check = 0;
//THIS LOOP WILL CHECK A NO TO BE PRIME NO. OR NOT.

for(counter1 = counter-1; counter1 > 1 ; counter1--)
if(counter%counter1 == 0)
{
check++; // INCREMENT CHECK IF NO. IS NOT A PRIME NO.
break;
}
if(check == 0)
printf("%d\t",counter);
}
getch();
}

3) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int num, k=1, sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number whose digits are to be added:");
scanf("%d",&num);
while(num!=0)
{
k=num%10;
sum=sum+k;
k=num/10;
num=k;
}
printf("Sum of the digits:%d",sum);
getch();
}

week 2:

1) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:
Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

void main()
{
int counter,f_coun;
float sum=0,x,power,fact;
clrscr();

printf("<-----------------------PROGRAM FOR SUM OF EQ. SERIES----------------------->");
printf("\n\n\tEQUATION SERIES : 1- X^2/2! + X^4/4! - X^6/6! + X^8/8! - X^10/10!");

printf("\n\n\n\tENTER VALUE OF X : ");
scanf("%f",&x);

for(counter=0, power=0; power<=10; counter++,power=power+2)
{
fact=1;
//CALC FACTORIAL OF POWER VALUE
for(f_coun=power; f_coun>=1; f_coun--)
fact *= f_coun;
//EQ. FOR SUM SERIES
sum=sum+(pow(-1,counter)*(pow(x,power)/fact));
}

printf("SUM : %f",sum);
getch();

}

2) Write a C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
float a,b,c,root1,root2;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter values of a,b,c for finding roots of a quadratic eq:\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);

/*checking condition*/
if(b*b>4*a*c)
{
root1=-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/2*a;
root2=-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/2*a;
printf("\n*****ROOTS ARE*****\n");
printf("\n root1=%f\n root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
else
printf("\n Imaginary Roots.");
getch();
}

week3:

1) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To find the factorial of a given integer.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

unsigned int recr_factorial(int n);
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n);

void main()
{
int n,i;
long fact;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);

if(n==0)
printf("Factorial of 0 is 1\n");
else
{
printf("Factorial of %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",n,recr_factorial(n));
printf("Factorial of %d Using Non-Recursive Function is %d\n",n,iter_factorial(n));
}
getch();
}

/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n)
s{
return n>=1 ? n * recr_factorial(n-1) : 1;
}

/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n)
{
int accu = 1;
int i;
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
accu *= i;
}
return accu;
}

2) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n);
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q);

int main(void)
{
int a,b,iGcd;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdRecursive(a,b));
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Non-Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdNonRecursive(a,b));

getch();
}

/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n)
{
if(n>m)
return GcdRecursive(n,m);
if(n==0)
return m;
else
return GcdRecursive(n,m%n);
}

/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q)
{
unsigned remainder;
remainder = p-(p/q*q);

if(remainder==0)
return q;
else
GcdRecursive(q,remainder);
}


3) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To solve Towers of Hanoi problem.

program:

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

/* Non-Recursive Function*/
void hanoiNonRecursion(int num,char sndl,char indl,char dndl)
{
char stkn[100],stksndl[100],stkindl[100],stkdndl[100],stkadd[100],temp;
int top,add;
top=NULL;

one:
if(num==1)
{
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
goto four;
}
two:
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=3;
num=num-1;
sndl=sndl;
temp=indl;
indl=dndl;
dndl=temp;

goto one;

three:
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=5;
num=num-1;
temp=sndl;
sndl=indl;
indl=temp;
dndl=dndl;

goto one;

four:
if(top==NULL)
return;
num=stkn[top];
sndl=stksndl[top];
indl=stkindl[top];
dndl=stkdndl[top];
add=stkadd[top];
top=top-1;
if(add==3)
goto three;
else if(add==5)
goto four;
}

/* Recursive Function*/
void hanoiRecursion( int num,char ndl1, char ndl2, char ndl3)
{
if ( num == 1 )
{
printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
return;
}

hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl1, ndl3, ndl2 );
printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl3, ndl2, ndl1 );
}

void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of disks to be transferred: ");
scanf("%d",&no);

if(no<1)
printf("\nThere's nothing to move.");
else
printf("Non-Recursive");
hanoiNonRecursion(no,'A','B','C');
printf("\nRecursive");
hanoiRecursion(no,'A','B','C');

getch();
}

week 4:

1) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user,
performs the operation and then prints the result.
(Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement)

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a,b,res,ch;
clrscr();
printf("\t *********************");
printf("\n\tMENU\n");
printf("\t********************");
printf("\n\t(1)ADDITION");
printf("\n\t(2)SUBTRACTION");
printf("\n\t(3)MULTIPLICATION");
printf("\n\t(4)DIVISION");
printf("\n\t(5)REMAINDER");
printf("\n\t(0)EXIT");
printf("\n\t********************");
printf("\n\n\tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=5 & ch>0)
{
printf("Enter two numbers:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
}

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
res=a+b;
printf("\n Addition:%d",res);
break;

case 2:
res=a-b;
printf("\n Subtraction:%d",res);
break;

case 3:
res=a*b;
printf("\n Multiplication:%d",res);
break;

case 4:
res=a/b;
printf("\n Division:%d",res);
break;

case 5:
res=a%b;
printf("\n Remainder:%d",res);
break;

case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;

default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}
getch();
}

2) The total distance travelled by vehicle in 't' seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2
where 'u' and 'a' are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration (m/sec2).
Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given
the values of 'u' and 'a'. The program should provide the flexibility to the user
to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of 'u' and 'a'.


#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

void main()
{
int tim_intrval, counter,time;
float accl, distance=0, velos;
clrscr();
printf("<===========PROGRAM FOR CALC TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A VECHIAL===========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tNO OF TIME INTERVALS : ");
scanf("%d",&tim_intrval);

for(counter = 1; counter <= tim_intrval; counter++)
{
printf("\n\t\t\tAT T%d TIME(sec) : ",counter);
scanf("%d",&time);
printf("\t\t\tVELOCITY AT %d sec (m/sec) : ",time);
scanf("%f",&velos);
printf("\t\t\tACCLERATION AT %d sec (m/sec^2): ",time);
scanf("%f",&accl);
distance += (velos*time + (accl*pow(time,2))/2);
}

printf("\n\n\n\tTOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN %d INTERVALS OF TIME : %f",tim_intrval,distance);
getch();
}

3) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Addition of Two Matrices
ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices

program:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int ch,i,j,m,n,p,q,k,r1,c1,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
clrscr();
printf("************************************");
printf("\n\t\tMENU");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[0]EXIT");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Valid Choice\n");
}

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n =====Matrix Addition=====\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]+b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
break;

case 2:
printf("Input rows and columns of A matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Input rows and columns of B matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("matrices can be multiplied\n");
printf("resultant matrix is %d*%d\n",m,q);
printf("Input A matrix\n");
read_matrix(a,m,n);
printf("Input B matrix\n");
/*Function call to read the matrix*/
read_matrix(b,p,q);
/*Function for Multiplication of two matrices*/
printf("\n =====Matrix Multiplication=====\n");
for(i=0;i<m;++i)
for(j=0;j<q;++j)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;++k)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}

printf("Resultant of two matrices:\n");
write_matrix(c,m,q);
}
/*end if*/
else
{
printf("Matrices cannot be multiplied.");
}
/*end else*/
break;

case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;

default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}
getch();
}

/*Function read matrix*/
int read_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
return 0;
}

/*Function to write the matrix*/
int write_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}


week 5:

1) Write a C program to find both the largest and smallest number in a list of integers.

program:

main( )
{
float largest(float a[ ], int n);
float value[4] = {2.5,-4.75,1.2,3.67};
printf("%f\n", largest(value,4));
}
float largest(float a[], int n)
{
int i;
float max;
max = a[0];
for(i = 1; i < n; i++)
if(max < a[i])
max = a[i];
return(max);
}

2) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Addition of Two Matrices
ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices

program:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int ch,i,j,m,n,p,q,k,r1,c1,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
clrscr();
printf("************************************");
printf("\n\t\tMENU");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[0]EXIT");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Valid Choice\n");
}

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n =====Matrix Addition=====\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]+b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
break;

case 2:
printf("Input rows and columns of A matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Input rows and columns of B matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("matrices can be multiplied\n");
printf("resultant matrix is %d*%d\n",m,q);
printf("Input A matrix\n");
read_matrix(a,m,n);
printf("Input B matrix\n");
/*Function call to read the matrix*/
read_matrix(b,p,q);
/*Function for Multiplication of two matrices*/
printf("\n =====Matrix Multiplication=====\n");
for(i=0;i<m;++i)
for(j=0;j<q;++j)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;++k)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}

printf("Resultant of two matrices:\n");
write_matrix(c,m,q);
}
/*end if*/
else
{
printf("Matrices cannot be multiplied.");
}
/*end else*/
break;

case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;

default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}
getch();
}

/*Function read matrix*/
int read_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
return 0;
}

/*Function to write the matrix*/
int write_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

week 6:

1) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position.

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main()
{
char a[10];
char b[10];
char c[10];
int p=0,r=0,i=0;
int t=0;
int x,g,s,n,o;
clrscr();

puts("Enter First String:");
gets(a);
puts("Enter Second String:");
gets(b);
printf("Enter the position where the item has to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d",&p);
r = strlen(a);
n = strlen(b);
i=0;

// Copying the input string into another array
while(i <= r)
{
c[i]=a[i];
i++;
}
s = n+r;
o = p+n;

// Adding the sub-string
for(i=p;i<s;i++)
{
x = c[i];
if(t<n)
{
a[i] = b[t];
t=t+1;
}
a[o]=x;
o=o+1;
}

printf("%s", a);
getch();
}

2) Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

enum Boolean{false,true};
enum Boolean IsPalindrome(char string[])
{
int left,right,len=strlen(string);
enum Boolean matched=true;
if(len==0)
return 0;
left=0;
right=len-1;

/* Compare the first and last letter,second & second last & so on */
while(left<right&&matched)
{
if(string[left]!=string[right])
matched=false;
else
{
left++;
right--;
}
}
return matched;
}

int main()
{
char string[40];
clrscr();
printf("****Program to test if the given string is a palindrome****\n");
printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s",string);
if(IsPalindrome(string))
printf("The given string %s is a palindrome\n",string);
else
printf("The given string %s is not a palindrome\n",string);
getch();
return 0;
}

3) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include >string.h>

void delchar(char *x,int a, int b);

void main()
{
char string[10];
int n,pos,p;
clrscr();

puts("Enter the string");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position from where to delete");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("Enter the number of characters to be deleted");
scanf("%d",&n);
delchar(string, n,pos);
getch();
}

// Function to delete n: characters
void delchar(char *x,int a, int b)
{
if ((a+b-1) <= strlen(x))
{
strcpy(&x[b-1],&x[a+b-1]);
puts(x);
}
}

week 7:

1) Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
char line[81], ctr;
int i,c,
end = 0,
characters = 0,
words = 0,
lines = 0;
printf("KEY IN THE TEXT.\n");
printf("GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.\n");
printf("WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.\n\n");
while( end == 0)
{
/* Reading a line of text */
c = 0;
while((ctr=getchar()) != '\n')
line[c++] = ctr;
line[c] = '\0';
/* counting the words in a line */
if(line[0] == '\0')
break ;
else
{
words++;
for(i=0; line[i] != '\0';i++)
if(line[i] == ' ' || line[i] == '\t')
words++;
}
/* counting lines and characters */
lines = lines +1;
characters = characters + strlen(line);
}
printf ("\n");
printf("Number of lines = %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words = %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters = %d\n", characters);
}
Output
KEY IN THE TEXT.
GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.
WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.
Admiration is a very short-lived passion.
Admiration involves a glorious obliquity of vision.
Always we like those who admire us but we do not
like those whom we admire.
Fools admire, but men of sense approve.
Number of lines = 5
Number of words = 36
Number of characters = 205

2) Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S
where the string T begins, or - 1 if S doesn't contain T.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();

/* Entering the main string */
puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);

/* Entering the string whose position or index to be displayed */
puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");
gets(t);

/*Searching string t in string s */
found=strstr(s,t);
if(found)
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",found-s);
else
printf("-1");
getch();
}

week 8:

1) Write a C program to generate Pascal's triangle.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int bin,p,q,r,x;
clrscr();
bin=1;
q=0;

printf("Rows you want to input:");
scanf("%d",&r);

printf("\nPascal's Triangle:\n");

while(q<r)
{
for(p=40-3*q;p>0;--p)
printf(" ");
for(x=0;x<=q;++x)
{
if((x==0)||(q==0))
bin=1;
else
bin=(bin*(q-x+1))/x;
printf("%6d",bin);
}

printf("\n");
++q;
}
getch();
}

2) Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int num,i,y,x=35;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number to generate the pyramid:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);

for(y=0;y<=num;y++)
{
/*(x-coordinate,y-coordinate)*/
gotoxy(x,y+1);

/*for displaying digits towards the left and right of zero*/
for(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)

printf("%3d",abs(i));
x=x-3;
}
getch();
}

week 9:

1) Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression:
1+x+x2+x3+………….+xn For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125.
Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense
for negative exponents - if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n<0, then go back and read in the next pair of numbers of without computing the sum. Are any values of x also illegal ? If so, test for them too.

program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int s_sum,i,x,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the values for x and n:");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&n);
if(n<=0 || x<=0)
{
printf("Value is not valid\n");
}
else
{
printf("Value is valid\n");
s_sum=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
s_sum=s_sum+pow(x,i);
}
printf("Sum of series=%d\n",s_sum);
}
getch();
}

week 10:
1) 2’s complement of a number is obtained by scanning it from right to left and complementing all the bits after the first appearance of a 1. Thus 2’s complement of 11100 is 00100. Write a C program to find the 2’s complement of a binary number.
program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void complement (char *a);
void main()
{
char a[16];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the binary number");
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!='\0'; i++)
{
if (a[i]!='0' && a[i]!='1')
{
printf("The number entered is not a binary number. Enter the correct number");
exit(0);
}
}
complement(a);
getch();
}
void complement (char *a)
{
int l, i, c=0;
char b[16];
l=strlen(a);
for (i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if (a[i]=='0') b[i]='1';
else b[i]='0';
}
for(i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if(i==l-1)
{
if (b[i]=='0') b[i]='1';
else
{
b[i]='0'; c=1;
}
}
else
{
if(c==1 && b[i]=='0')
{
b[i]='1'; c=0;
}
else if (c==1 && b[i]=='1')
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
}
b[l]='\0';
printf("The 2's complement is %s", b);
}

2) Write a C program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *a,len,i,j,k;
char *rom;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Roman Numeral:");
scanf("%s",rom);
len=strlen(rom);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(rom[i]=='I')
a[i]=1;
else if(rom[i]=='V')
a[i]=5;
else if(rom[i]=='X')
a[i]=10;
else if(rom[i]=='L')
a[i]=50;
else if(rom[i]=='C')
a[i]=100;
else if(rom[i]=='D')
a[i]=500;
else if(rom[i]=='M')
a[i]=1000;
else
{
printf("\nInvalid Value");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
k=a[len-1];
for(i=len-1;i>0;i--)
{
if(a[i]>a[i-1])
k=k-a[i-1];
else if(a[i]==a[i-1] || a[i]<a[i-1])
k=k+a[i-1];
}
printf("\nIts Decimal Equivalent is:");
printf("%d",k);
getch();
}

week 11:

1) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations: i) Reading a complex number
ii) Writing a complex number
iii) Addition of two complex numbers
iv) Multiplication of two complex numbers (Note: represent complex number using a structure.)

program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void arithmetic(int opern);
struct comp
{
double realpart;
double imgpart;
};
void main()
{
int opern;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n \t\t\t***** MAIN MENU *****");
printf("\n\n Select your option: \n 1 : ADD\n 2 : MULTIPLY\n 0 : EXIT \n\n\t\t Enter your Option [ ]\b\b"); 
scanf("%d",&opern); 
switch(opern)
{ 
case 0: 
exit(0); 
case 1: 
case 2: 
arithmetic(opern); 
default: 
main();
}
}
void arithmetic(int opern)
{ 
struct comp w1, w2, w; 
printf("\n Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):\n Real Part of First Number:"); scanf("%lf",&w1.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.imgpart);
printf("\n Real Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.imgpart); 
switch(opern)
{ 
/*addition of complex number*/
case 1: 
w.realpart = w1.realpart+w2.realpart; 
w.imgpart = w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart; 
break; 
/*multiplication of complex number*/
case 2: 
w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)-(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart); 
w.imgpart=(w1.realpart*w2.imgpart)+(w1.imgpart*w2.realpart); 
break;
} 
if (w.imgpart>0) 
printf("\n Answer = %lf+%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
else 
printf("\n Answer = %lf%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
getch();
main();
}

week 12:

1) Write a C program which copies one file to another.

program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE *fs,*ft;
char ch;
clrscr();
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Invalid number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fs = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fs==NULL)
{
puts("Source file cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
ft = fopen(argv[2],"w");
if (ft==NULL)
{
puts("Target file cannot be opened.");
fclose(fs);
exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
ch=fgetc(fs);
if (ch==EOF)
break;
else fputc(ch,ft);
}
fclose(fs);
fclose(ft);
getch();
}

2) Write a C program to reverse the first n characters in a file. (Note: The file name and n are specified on the command line.)

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char a[15];
char s[20];
char n;
int k;
int j=0;
int i;
int len;
FILE *fp;
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Improper number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fp = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
puts("File cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
k=*argv[2]-48;
n = fread(a,1,k,fp);
a[n]='\0';
len=strlen(a);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s[j]=a[i];
printf("%c",s[j]);
j=j+1;
}
s[j+1]='\0';
getch();
}

week 13:

1) Write a program to create a linear linked list interactively and print out the list and the total number of items in the list.

program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define NULL 0
struct linked_list
{
int number;
struct linked_list *next;
};
typedef struct linked_list node; /* node type defined */
main()
{
node *head;
void create(node *p);
int count(node *p);
void print(node *p);
head = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
printf("\n");
printf(head);
printf("\n");
printf("\nNumber of items = %d \n", count(head));
}
void create(node *list)
{
printf("Input a number\n");
printf("(type -999 at end): ");
scanf("%d", &list -> number); /* create current node */
if(list->number == -999)
{ 
list->
next = NULL;
}
else /*create next node */
{ 
list->
next = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node)); 
create(list->next); */ Recursion occurs */
}
return;
}
void print(node *list)
{ 
if(list->next != NULL) 
{ 
printf("%d-->",list ->number); /* print current item */ 
if(list->next->next == NULL) 
printf("%d", list->next->number); 
print(list->next); /* move to next item */ 
} 
return;
}
int count(node *list)
{ 
if(list->next == NULL) 
return (0); 
else return(1+ count(list->next));
}

Output:

Input a number
(type -999 to end); 60
Input a number
(type -999 to end); 20
Input a number
(type -999 to end); 10
Input a number
(type -999 to end); 40
Input a number
(type -999 to end); 30
Input a number
(type -999 to end); 50
Input a number
(type -999 to end); -999
60 -->20 -->10 -->40 -->30 -->50 --> -999
Number of items = 6

2) Write a function for deleting an item from linked list .

program:
node *delete(node *head)
{
node *find(node *p, int a);
int key; /* item to be deleted */
node *n1; /* pointer to node preceding key node */
node *p; /* temporary pointer */
printf("\n What is the item (number) to be deleted?");
scanf("%d", &key);
if(head->number == key) /* first node to be deleted) */
{ 
p = head->next; /* pointer to 2nd node in list */ 
free(head); /* release space of key node */ 
head = p; /* make head to point to 1st node */
}
else
{ 
n1 = find(head, key); 
if(n1 == NULL) 
printf("\n key not found \n"); 
else /* delete key node */ 
{ 
p = n1->
next->
next; /* pointer to the node following the keynode */ 
free(n1->next); /* free key node */ 
n1->
next = p; /* establish link */ 
}
}
return(head);
} 
/* USE FUNCTION find() HERE */

3) Write a function for inserting an item into a linked list .

program:
node *insert(node *head)
{
node *find(node *p, int a);
node *new; /* pointer to new node */
node *n1; /* pointer to node preceding key node */
int key;
int x; /* new item (number) to be inserted */
printf("Value of new item?");
scanf("%d", &x);
printf("Value of key item ? (type -999 if last) ");
scanf("%d", &key);
if(head->number == key) /* new node is first */
{ 
new = (node *)malloc(size of(node));
new->
number = x; 
new->
next = head; 
head = new;
}
else /* find key node and insert new node */
{ 
/* before the key node */ 
n1 = find(head, key); /* find key node */ 
if(n1 == NULL) 
printf("\n key is not found \n"); 
else /* insert new node */ 
{ 
new = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node)); 
new->
number = x; 
new->
next = n1->
next; 
n1->
next = new; 
} 
}
return(head);
}
node *find(node *lists, int key)
{ 
if(list->next->number == key) /* key found */ 
return(list);
else if(list->next->next == NULL) /* end */ 
return(NULL);
else 
find(list->next, key);
}

4) Write a program for creation of sorted list from a given list of numbers .

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NULL 0
struct linked_list
{
int number;
struct linked_list *next;
};
typedef struct linked_list node;
main ()
{
int n;
node *head = NULL;
void print(node *p);
node *insert_Sort(node *p, int n);
printf("Input the list of numbers.\n");
printf("At end, type -999.\n");
scanf("%d",&n); while(n != -999)
{ 
if(head == NULL) /* create 'base' node */ 
{ 
head = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node)); 
head ->number = n; 
head->next = NULL; 
} 
else /* insert next item */ 
{ 
head = insert_sort(head,n); 
} 
scanf("%d", &n);
}
printf("\n");
print(head);
print("\n");
}
node *insert_sort(node *list, int x)
{
node *p1, *p2, *p;
p1 = NULL;
p2 = list; /* p2 points to first node */
for( ; p2->number < x ; p2 = p2-<next)
{ 
p1 = p2; 
if(p2->next == NULL) 
{ 
p2 = p2->
next; /* p2 set to NULL */ 
break; /* insert new node at end */ 
}
} /* key node found */ 
p = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node)); /* space for new node */ 
p->
number = x; /* place value in the new node */ 
p->
next = p2; /* link new node to key node */ 
if (p1 == NULL) 
list = p; /* new node becomes the first node */ 
else p1->
next = p; /* new node inserted after 1st node */ 
return (list);
}
void print(node *list)
{
if (list == NULL) 
printf("NULL");
else
{ 
printf("%d-->",list->number); 
print(list->next);
}
return;
}

Output:
Input the list of number.
At end, type -999.
80 70 50 40 60 -999
40-->50-->60-->70-->80 -->NULL
Input the list of number.
At end, type -999.
40 70 50 60 80 -999
40-->50-->60-->70-->80-->NULL

week 14:

1) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly linked list.:
i) Creation
ii) Insertion
iii) Deletion
iv) Traversal in both ways

program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
typedef struct dubll
{
int data;
struct dubll *leftlink,*rightlink;
}*DUBLL;
DUBLL high,temp_node,low,last,pntr;
int flag=0;
DUBLL NodeAlloc();
DUBLL Search(int,int);
void CreateItem();
void AppendItem();
void PrintItem();
void DeleteItem();
DUBLL Search(int item,int flag);
DUBLL NodeAlloc();
void InsertItem();
void main(void)
{
int choice,Item;
high=NULL;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n \t\t\t***** M A I N M E N U *****\n\n");
printf("\n 1: Create Linked List \n 2: Append a Node to the List \n 3: Traverse the List \n 4: Delete a Node from the List \n 5: Search a Node \n 6: Insert a Node to the List \n 7: Close \n\n\t\t Enter your Option [ ]\b\b");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1: 
CreateItem(); 
puts("\nPress any key to go back to main menu.");
getch(); 
break;
case 2: 
AppendItem(); 
break;
case 3:
PrintItem(); 
puts("\nPress any key to go back to main menu."); 
getch();
break;
case 4: 
DeleteItem(); 
break;
case 5: 
printf("Find an Item: "); 
scanf("%d",&Item); 
temp_node=Search(Item,0); 
if(temp_node) 
{ 
puts("The item is available in the Linked List."); 
} 
else
{ 
puts("The item is not found in the Linked List."); 
} 
getch(); 
break;
case 6: 
InsertItem(); 
break;
case 7: 
exit();
default: 
puts("Invalid choice."); 
puts("\nPress any key to go back to main menu."); 
getch(); 
break;
}
}
} /* Function to Create the list*/
void CreateItem()
{
if(high==NULL)
{
printf("\n --Creating the list--");
temp_node=NodeAlloc();
printf("\n Enter starting data (as integer value) :");
scanf("%d",&temp_node->data);
high=temp_node;
}
else
{
printf("\n List already created @ %d with %d as data.",high,high->data);
}
} /* Function to Append items to the list*/
void AppendItem()
{
low=high;
if(high==NULL)
{
CreateItem();
}
else
{
temp_node=NodeAlloc();
printf("\n Enter Item (in integer) :");
scanf("%d",&temp_node->data);
temp_node->rightlink=NULL; 

while(low->rightlink!=NULL) 
low=low->rightlink; 
low->rightlink=temp_node; 
temp_node->leftlink=low; 
last=low->rightlink;
}
} /* Function to Traverse the list both ways and print the data*/
void PrintItem()
{
DUBLL temp_node;
if(high==NULL)
{
printf("\n List is not available. Please create a list first.");
getch();
CreateItem();
}
temp_node=high;
last=low->rightlink;
printf("\n--Printing The List In Forward direction--\n");
while(temp_node!=NULL) //In forward direction
{ 
printf("\t %d",temp_node->data); 
temp_node = temp_node->rightlink;
}
printf("\n");
printf("\n--Printing The List In Backward direction--\n");
temp_node=high;
if(temp_node->rightlink==NULL)
{
printf("%d",temp_node->data);
return;
} 
while(last!=NULL) //In backward direction 
{ 
printf("\t %d",last->data); 
last = last->leftlink; 
}
} /* Function to Delete items of the list*/
void DeleteItem()
{
int value;
DUBLL temp_node;
if(high==NULL)
{
printf("\n List is not available. Please create a list first.");
getch();
CreateItem();
}
printf("\n Item to delete :");
scanf("%d",&value);
pntr=Search(value,1);
pntr->leftlink->rightlink=pntr->rightlink;
pntr->rightlink->leftlink=pntr->leftlink;
temp_node=pntr; free(temp_node);
} /* Function to Search an item from the list*/
DUBLL Search(int item,int flag)
{
temp_node = high;
if(high==NULL)
{
printf("\n List is not available. Please create a list first.");
getch();
CreateItem();
}
while(temp_node!=NULL)
{
if(temp_node->data==item )
{
if(flag==0)
{ 
return(1);
}
else
{ 
return(temp_node);
}
}
temp_node=temp_node->rightlink;
}
} /* Function to Allocate nodes*/
DUBLL NodeAlloc()
{
DUBLL tmep_node;
tmep_node=malloc(sizeof(struct dubll));
if(tmep_node==NULL)
{ 
printf("\n No memory available. Node allocation cannot be done.");
}
tmep_node->rightlink=tmep_node->leftlink=NULL;
return(tmep_node);
} /* Function to Insert items in the middle of the list*/
void InsertItem()
{
int node;
DUBLL temp_node;
if(high==NULL)
{
printf("\n List is not available. Please create a list first.");
getch();
CreateItem();
}
temp_node=NodeAlloc();
printf("Position At which node to be inserted: ___ & New Item Value: ___ "); scanf("%d",&node);
scanf("%d",&temp_node->data);
pntr=Search(node,1);
if(pntr->rightlink==NULL)
{
printf("\n The operation is not possible.");
getch();
return;
}
temp_node->leftlink=pntr; //creating link to new node
temp_node->rightlink=pntr->rightlink;
pntr->rightlink->leftlink=temp_node;
pntr->rightlink=temp_node; 
printf("\n Item has been Inserted.");
getch();
}

week 15:

1) Write C programs that implement stack (its operations) using i) Arrays .

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int st_arr[20];
int t=-1;

void push_ele(int ele);
int pop_ele();
void display_ele();

void main()
{
char choice,num1=0,num2=0;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("======================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU ");
printf("\n======================================");
printf("\n[1] Using Push Function");
printf("\n[2] Using Pop Function");
printf("\n[3] Elements present in Stack");
printf("\n[4] Exit\n");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice: ");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&choice);

switch(choice-'0')
{

case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be pushed: ");
scanf("%d",&num1);
push_ele(num1);
break;
}

case 2:
{
num2=pop_ele(1);
printf("\n\tElement to be popped: %d\n\t",num2);
getch();
break;
}

case 3:
{
display_ele();
getch();
break;
}

case 4:
exit(1);
break;

default:
printf("\nYour choice is invalid.\n");
break;
}
}
}

/*Implementing the push() function. */
void push_ele(int ele)
{
if(t==99)
{
printf("STACK is Full.\n");
getch();
exit(1);
}
st_arr[++t]=ele;
}

/*Implementing the pop() function. */
int pop_ele()
{
int ele1;
if(t==-1)
{
printf("\n\tSTACK is Empty.\n");
getch();
exit(1);
}
return(st_arr[t--]);
}

/*Implementing display() function. */
void display_ele()
{
int k;
printf("\n\tElements present in the stack are:\n\t");
for(k=0;k<=t;k++)
printf("%d\t",st_arr[k]);
}

2) Write C programs that implement stack (its operations) using ii) Pointers .

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct st_point
{
int ele;
struct st_point *l;
}

*t;
int i;

void push_ele(int j);
int pop_ele();
void display_ele();

void main()
{
char choice,num1=0,num2=0;
int i;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("======================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU ");
printf("\n======================================");
printf("\n[1] Using Push Function");
printf("\n[2] Using Pop Function");
printf("\n[3] Elements present in Stack");
printf("\n[4] Exit\n");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice: ");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&choice);

switch(choice-'0')
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be pushed:");
scanf("%d",&num1);
push_ele(num1);
break;
}

case 2:
{
num2=pop_ele(1);
printf("\n\tElement to be popped: %d\n\t",num2);
getch();
break;
}

case 3:
{
printf("\n\tElements present in the stack are:\n\t");
display_ele();
getch();
break;
}

case 4:
exit(1);
break;

default:
printf("\nYour choice is invalid.\n");
break;
}
}
}

/*Inserting the elements using push function*/
void push_ele(int j)
{
struct st_point *m;
m=(struct st_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct st_point));
m->ele=j;
m->l=t;
t=m;
return;
}

/*Removing the elements using pop function*/
int pop_ele()
{
if(t==NULL)
{
printf("\n\STACK is Empty.");
getch();
exit(1);
}
else
{
int i=t->ele;
t=t->l;
return (i);
}
return 0;
}

/*Displaying the elements */
void display_ele()
{
struct st_point *pointer=NULL;
pointer=t;
while(pointer!=NULL)
{
printf("%d\t",pointer->ele);
pointer=pointer->l;
}
}


week 16:

1) Write C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using i) Arrays

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define size 10
#define true 1
#define false 0

struct q_arr
{
int f,r;
int num;
int a[size];
};

void init(struct q_arr* queue);
int e_que(struct q_arr* queue);
int f_que(struct q_arr* queue);
int add_ele(struct q_arr* queue,int);
int rem_ele(struct q_arr* queue);
void display_ele(struct q_arr* queue);

/*main function*/
void main()
{
int ele,k;
int ch;

struct q_arr *queue = (struct q_arr*)malloc(sizeof(struct q_arr));
init(queue);

while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING ARRAYS****\n");
printf("============================================");
printf("\n\t\tMENU\n");
printf("============================================");
printf("\n\t[1] To insert an element");
printf("\n\t[2] To remove an element");
printf("\n\t[3] To display all the elements");
printf("\n\t[4] Exit");
printf("\n\n\t Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&ch);

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
printf("\nElement to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
add_ele(queue,ele);
break;
}

case 2:
{
if(!e_que(queue))
{
k=rem_ele(queue);
printf("\n%d element is removed\n",k);
getch();
}
else
{
printf("\tQueue is Empty. No element can be removed.");
getch();
}
break;
}

case 3:
{
display_ele(queue);
getch();
break;
}

case 4:
exit(0);

default:
printf("\tInvalid Choice.");
getch();
break;
}
}
}
/*end main*/

void init(struct q_arr* queue)
{
queue->f = 0;
queue->r = -1;
queue->num = 0;
}

/* Function to check is the queue is empty*/
int e_que(struct q_arr* queue)
{
if(queue->num==0)
return true;
return false;
}

/* Function to check if the queue is full*/
int f_que(struct q_arr* queue)
{
if(queue->num == size)
return true;
return false;
}

/* Function to add an element to the queue*/
int add_ele(struct q_arr* queue,int j)
{
if(f_que(queue))
return false;

if(queue->r == size - 1)
queue->r = -1;
queue->a[++queue->r] = j;
queue->num++;
return true;
}

/* Function to remove an element of the queue*/
int rem_ele(struct q_arr* queue)
{
int j;
if(e_que(queue))
return -9999;
j = queue->a[queue->f++];
if(queue->f == size)
queue->f = 0;
queue->num--;
return j;
}

/* Function to display the queue*/
void display_ele(struct q_arr* queue)
{
int j;
if(e_que(queue))
{
printf("Queue is Empty. No records to display.");
return;
}
printf("\nElements present in the Queue are: ");
for(j=queue->f;j<=queue->r;j++)
printf("%d\t",queue->a[j]);
printf("\n");
}


2) Write C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using ii) Pointers

program:

#define true 1
#define false 0

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>

struct q_point
{
int ele;
struct q_point* n;
};

struct q_point *f_ptr = NULL;

int e_que(void);
void add_ele(int);
int rem_ele(void);
void show_ele();

/*main function*/
void main()
{
int ele,choice,j;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****\n");
printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU\n");
printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t[1] To insert an element");
printf("\n\t[2] To remove an element");
printf("\n\t[3] To display all the elements");
printf("\n\t[4] Exit");
printf("\n\n\tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice)
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
add_ele(ele);
getch();
break;
}

case 2:
{
if(!e_que())
{
j=rem_ele();
printf("\n\t%d is removed from the queue",j);
getch();
}
else
{
printf("\n\tQueue is Empty.");
getch();
}
break;
}

case 3:
show_ele();
getch();
break;

case 4:
exit(1);
break;

default:
printf("\n\tInvalid choice.");
getch();
break;
}

}
}

/* Function to check if the queue is empty*/
int e_que(void)
{
if(f_ptr==NULL)
return true;
return false;
}

/* Function to add an element to the queue*/
void add_ele(int ele)
{
struct q_point *queue = (struct q_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct q_point));
queue->ele = ele;
queue->n = NULL;
if(f_ptr==NULL)
f_ptr = queue;
else
{
struct q_point* ptr;
ptr = f_ptr;
for(ptr=f_ptr ;ptr->n!=NULL; ptr=ptr->n);
ptr->n = queue;
}
}

/* Function to remove an element from the queue*/
int rem_ele()
{
struct q_point* queue=NULL;
if(e_que()==false)
{
int j = f_ptr->ele;
queue=f_ptr;
f_ptr = f_ptr->n;
free (queue);
return j;
}
else
{
printf("\n\tQueue is empty.");
return -9999;
}
}

/* Function to display the queue*/
void show_ele()
{
struct q_point *ptr=NULL;
ptr=f_ptr;
if(e_que())
{
printf("\n\tQUEUE is Empty.");
return;
}
else
{
printf("\n\tElements present in Queue are:\n\t");
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("%d\t",ptr->ele);
ptr=ptr->n;
}
}
}


week 17:

1) Write a C program that uses Stack operations to perform the following:
i) Converting infix expression into postfix expression
ii) Evaluating the postfix expression

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int st[100];
int st_top=-1;

int cal(char post[]);
void in_post(char in[]);
void push_item(int it);
int pop_item();
int st_ISP(char t);
int st_ICP(char t);

/*main function*/
void main()
{
char in[100],post[100];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tEnter the Infix Expression: ");
gets(in);
in_post(in);
getch();
}
/*end main*/

void push_item(int it)
{
if(st_top==99)
{
printf("\n\n\t*STACK is Full*");
getch();
exit(1);
}
st[++st_top]=it;
}

int pop_item()
{
int it;
if(st_top==-1)
{
getch();
}
return(st[st_top--]);
}

/*Function for converting an infix expression to a postfix expression. */
void in_post(char in[])
{
int x=0,y=0,z,result=0;
char a,c, post[100];
char t;
push_item('\0');
t=in[x];
while(t!='\0')
{
if(isalnum(t))
/*For checking whether the value in t is an alphabet or number. */
{
post[y]=t;
y++;
}
else if(t=='(')
{
push_item('(');
}
else if(t==')')
{
while(st[st_top]!='(')
{
c=pop_item();
post[y]=c;
y++;
}
c=pop_item();
}
else
{
while(st_ISP(st[st_top])>=st_ICP(t))
{
c=pop_item();
post[y]=c;
y++;
}
push_item(t);
}
x++;
t=in[x];
}

while(st_top!=-1)
{
c=pop_item();
post[y]=c;
y++;
}
printf("\n\tThe Postfix Expression is:");

for(z=0;z<y;z++)
printf("%c",post[z]);
printf("\n\nDo you want to evaluate the Result of Postfix Expression?(Y/N):");
scanf("%c",&a);
if(a=='y' || a=='Y')
{
result=cal(post);
printf("\n\n\tResult is: %d\n",result);
getch();
}
else if(a=='n' || a=='N')
{
exit(0);
}
}

/*Determining priority of inside elements*/
int st_ISP(char t)
{
switch(t)
{
case '(':return (10);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '\0':return (0);
default: printf("Expression is invalid.");
break;
}
return 0;
}

/*Determining priority of approaching elements*/
int st_ICP(char t)
{
switch(t)
{

case '(':return (10);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '\0':return (0);
default: printf("Expression is invalid.");
break;
}
return 0;
}

/*Evaluating the result of postfix expression*/
int cal(char post[])
{
int m,n,x,y,j=0,len;
len=strlen(post);
while(j<len)
{
if(isdigit(post[j]))
{
x=post[j]-'0';
push_item(x);
}
else
{
m=pop_item();
n=pop_item();

switch(post[j])
{
case '+':x=n+m;
break;
case '-':x=n-m;
break;
case '*':x=n*m;
break;
case '/':x=n/m;
break;
}
push_item(x);
}
j++;
}
if(st_top>0)
{
printf("Number of Operands are more than Operators.");
exit(0);
}
else
{
y=pop_item();
return (y);
}
return 0;
}

week 18:

1) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Creating a Binary Tree of integers
ii) Traversing the above binary tree in preorder, inorder and postorder.

#include<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct treenode
{
int ele;
struct treenode *l_child, *r_child;
};

struct treenode *insert_node(struct treenode *t,int a);
void TraverseInorder(struct treenode *t);
void TraversePreorder(struct treenode *t);
void TraversePostorder(struct treenode *t);

/*main function*/
void main()
{
struct treenode *root_node = NULL;
int num,value;
int choice;

clrscr();

printf("----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\t\t\tMENU\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("[1] Create a Binary Tree and Use Inorder Traversal\n");
printf("[2] Create a Binary Tree and Use Preorder Traversal\n");
printf("[3] Create a Binary Tree and Use Postorder Traversal\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Enter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&choice);

if(choice>0 & choice<=3)
{
printf("\nEnter the number of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&num);

while(num-- > 0)
{
printf("\n\nEnter the data value:");
scanf("%d",&value);
root_node = insert_node(root_node,value);
}

switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\n\nBinary tree using Inorder Traversal : ");
TraverseInorder(root_node);
getch();
break;

case 2:
printf("\n\nBinary tree using Preorder Traversal : ");
TraversePreorder(root_node);
getch();
break;

case 3:
printf("\n\nBinary tree using Postorder Traversal : ");
TraversePostorder(root_node);
getch();
break;

default:
printf("Invalid Choice");
break;
}
}
}
/*end main*/

/* Function to create a Binary Tree of integers data */
struct treenode *insert_node(struct treenode *t,int a)
{
struct treenode *temp_node1,*temp_node2;
if(t == NULL)
{
t = (struct treenode *) malloc(sizeof(struct treenode));
if(t == NULL)
{
printf("Value cannot be allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
t->ele = a;
t->l_child=t->r_child=NULL;
}
else
{
temp_node1 = t;

while(temp_node1 != NULL)
{
temp_node2 = temp_node1;
if( temp_node1 ->ele > a)
temp_node1 = temp_node1->l_child;
else
temp_node1 = temp_node1->r_child;
}
if( temp_node2->ele > a)
{
temp_node2->l_child = (struct treenode*)malloc(sizeof(struct treenode));
temp_node2 = temp_node2->l_child;
if(temp_node2 == NULL)
{
printf("Value cannot be allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
temp_node2->ele = a;
temp_node2->l_child=temp_node2->r_child = NULL;
}
else
{
temp_node2->r_child = (struct treenode*)malloc(sizeof(struct treenode));

temp_node2 = temp_node2->r_child;
if(temp_node2 == NULL)
{
printf("Value cannot be allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
temp_node2->ele = a;
temp_node2->l_child=temp_node2->r_child = NULL;
}
}
return(t);
}

/* Function for Traversing the binary tree in inorder. */
void TraverseInorder(struct treenode *t)
{
if(t != NULL)
{
TraverseInorder(t->l_child);
printf("%d\t",t->ele);
in_order(t->r_child);
}
}

/* Function for Traversing the binary tree in preorder. */
void TraversePreorder(struct treenode *t)
{
if(t != NULL)
{
printf("%d\t",t->ele);
TraversePreorder(t->l_child);
TraversePreorder(t->r_child);
}
}

/* Function for Traversing the binary tree in postorder. */
void TraversePostorder(struct treenode *t)
{
if(t != NULL)
{
TraversePostorder(t->l_child);
TraversePostorder(t->r_child);
printf("%d\t",t->ele);
}
}

week 19:

1) Write C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions
to perform the following searching operation for a Key value in a given list of integers :
i) Linear search

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 10

void l_search_recursive(int l[],int num,int ele);
void l_search(int l[],int num,int ele);
void read_list(int l[],int num);
void print_list(int l[],int num);

void main()
{
int l[MAX_LEN], num, ele;
int ch;

clrscr();

printf("======================================================");
printf("\n\t\t\tMENU");
printf("\n=====================================================");
printf("\n[1] Linary Search using Recursion method");
printf("\n[2] Linary Search using Non-Recursion method");
printf("\n\nEnter your Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Enter the number of elements :");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_list(l,num);
printf("\nElements present in the list are:\n\n");
print_list(l,num);
printf("\n\nElement you want to search:\n\n");
scanf("%d",&ele);

switch(ch)
{
case 1:printf("\n**Recursion method**\n");
l_search_recursive(l,num,ele);
getch();
break;

case 2:printf("\n**Non-Recursion method**\n");
l_search_nonrecursive(l,num,ele);
getch();
break;
}
}
getch();
}
/*end main*/

/* Non-Recursive method*/
void l_search_nonrecursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int j, f=0;
for(j=0;j<num;j++)
if( l[j] == ele)
{
printf("\nThe element %d is present at position %d in list\n",ele,j);
f=1;
break;
}
if(f==0)
printf("\nThe element is %d is not present in the list\n",ele);
}

/* Recursive method*/
void l_search_recursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int f = 0;

if( l[num] == ele)
{
printf("\nThe element %d is present at position %d in list\n",ele,num);
f=1;
}
else
{
if((num==0) && (f==0))
{
printf("The element %d is not found.",ele);
}
else
{
l_search(l,num-1,ele);
}
}
getch();
}

void read_list(int l[],int num)
{
int j;
printf("\nEnter the elements:\n");
for(j=0;j<num;j++)
scanf("%d",&l[j]);
}

void print_list(int l[],int num)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<num;j++)
printf("%d\t",l[j]);
}




2) Write C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to perform
the following searching operations for a Key value in a given list of integers :
ii) Binary search

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 10

/* Non-Recursive function*/
void b_search_nonrecursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int l1,i,j, flag = 0;
l1 = 0;
i = num-1;
while(l1 <= i)
{
j = (l1+i)/2;
if( l[j] == ele)
{
printf("\nThe element %d is present at position %d in list\n",ele,j);
flag =1;
break;
}
else
if(l[j] < ele)
l1 = j+1;
else
i = j-1;
}
if( flag == 0)
printf("\nThe element %d is not present in the list\n",ele);
}

/* Recursive function*/
int b_search_recursive(int l[],int arrayStart,int arrayEnd,int a)
{
int m,pos;
if (arrayStart<=arrayEnd)
{
m=(arrayStart+arrayEnd)/2;
if (l[m]==a)
return m;
else if (a<l[m])
return b_search_recursive(l,arrayStart,m-1,a);
else
return b_search_recursive(l,m+1,arrayEnd,a);
}
return -1;
}

void read_list(int l[],int n)
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the elements:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&l[i]);
}

void print_list(int l[],int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",l[i]);
}

/*main function*/
void main()
{
int l[MAX_LEN], num, ele,f,l1,a;
int ch,pos;

clrscr();

printf("======================================================");
printf("\n\t\t\tMENU=============================================");
printf("\n[1] Binary Search using Recursion method");
printf("\n[2] Binary Search using Non-Recursion method");
printf("\n\nEnter your Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("\nEnter the number of elements : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_list(l,num);
printf("\nElements present in the list are:\n\n");
print_list(l,num);
printf("\n\nEnter the element you want to search:\n\n");
scanf("%d",&ele);


switch(ch)
{
case 1:printf("\nRecursive method:\n");
pos=b_search_recursive(l,0,num,ele);
if(pos==-1)
{
printf("Element is not found");
}
else
{
printf("Element is found at %d position",pos);
}
getch();
break;

case 2:printf("\nNon-Recursive method:\n");
b_search_nonrecursive(l,num,ele);
getch();
break;
}
}
getch();
}


week 20:

1) Write C programs that implement the following sorting methods to sort
a given list of integers in ascending order: i) Bubble sort

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10

void swapList(int *m,int *n)
{
int temp;
temp = *m;
*m = *n;
*n = temp;
}

// Function for Bubble Sort
void bub_sort(int list[], int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
for(j=0;j<(n-(i+1));j++)
if(list[j] > list[j+1])
swapList(&list[j],&list[j+1]);
}

void readlist(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
printf("\nEnter the elements: \n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&list[j]);
}

// Showing the contents of the list
void printlist(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",list[j]);
}

void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\n***** Enter the number of elements [Maximum 10] *****\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
readlist(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
bub_sort(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
getch();
}


2) Write C program that implement the following sorting methods
to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:
ii) Quick sort

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10

void swap(int *m,int *n)
{
int temp;
temp = *m;
*m = *n;
*n = temp;
}
int get_key_position(int x,int y )
{
return((x+y) /2);
}

// Function for Quick Sort
void quicksort(int list[],int m,int n)
{
int key,i,j,k;
if( m <n)
{
k = get_key_position(m,n);
swap(&list[m],&list[k]);
key = list[m];
i = m+1;
j = n;
while(i <= j)
{
while((i <= n) && (list[i] <= key))
i++;
while((j >= m) && (list[j] > key))
j--;
if( i < j)
swap(&list[i],&list[j]);
}
swap(&list[m],&list[j]);
quicksort(list,m,j-1);
quicksort(list,j+1,n);
}
}

// Function to read the data
void read_data(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
printf("\n\nEnter the elements:\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&list[j]);
}

// Function to print the data
void print_data(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",list[j]);
}

void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
clrscr();
printf("\n***** Enter the number of elements Maximum [10] *****\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_data(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
quicksort(list,0,num-1);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
getch();
}


week 21:

1) Write C program that implement the following sorting methods
to sort a given list of integers in ascending order: i) Insertion sort

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void inst_sort(int []);

void main()
{
int num[5],count;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the Five Elements to sort:\n");

for (count=0;count<5;count++)
scanf("%d",&num[count]);
inst_sort(num);

printf("\n\nElements after sorting: \n");
for(count=0;count<5;count++)
printf("%d\n",num[count]);
getch();
}

// Function for Insertion Sorting
void inst_sort(int num[])
{
int i,j,k;
for(j=1;j<5;j++)
{
k=num[j];
for(i=j-1;i>=0 && k<num[i];i--)
num[i+1]=num[i];
num[i+1]=k;
}
}


2) Write C program that implement the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:
ii) Merge sort

program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MAX_ARY 10

void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start);

int main(void)
{
int ary[MAX_ARY];
int j = 0;

printf("\n\nEnter the elements to be sorted: \n");
for(j=0;j<MAX_ARY;j++)
scanf("%d",&ary[j]);

/* array before mergesort */
printf("Before :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);

printf("\n");

merge_sort(ary, 0, MAX_ARY - 1);

/* array after mergesort */
printf("After Merge Sort :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);

printf("\n");
getch();
}

/* Method to implement Merge Sort*/
void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start)
{
int j = 0;
const int size = start - end + 1;
int mid = 0;
int mrg1 = 0;
int mrg2 = 0;
int executing[MAX_ARY];

if(end == start)
return;

mid = (end + start) / 2;

merge_sort(x, end, mid);
merge_sort(x, mid + 1, start);

for(j = 0; j < size; j++)
executing[j] = x[end + j];

mrg1 = 0;
mrg2 = mid - end + 1;

for(j = 0; j < size; j++)
{
if(mrg2 <= start - end)
if(mrg1 <= mid - end)
if(executing[mrg1] > executing[mrg2])
x[j + end] = executing[mrg2++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg1++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg2++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg1++];
}
}


week 22:

1) Write C program to implement the Lagrange interpolation.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MaxN 90

void main()
{
float arr_x[MaxN+1], arr_y[MaxN+1], numerator, denominator, x, y=0;
int i, j, n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of n: \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the values of x and y: \n");
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
scanf("%f%f", &arr_x[i], &arr_y[i]);
printf("Enter the value of x at which value of y is to be calculated: ");
scanf("%f", &x);
for (i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
numerator=1;
denominator=1;
for (j=0; j<=n; j++)
if(j!=i)
{
numerator *= x-arr_x[j];
denominator *= arr_x[i]-arr_x[j];
}
y+=(numerator/denominator)*arr_y[i];
}
printf("When x=%4.1f y=%7.1f\n",x,y);
getch();
}

2) Write C program to implement the Newton- Gregory forward interpolation.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MaxN 100
#define Order_of_diff 4

void main ()
{
float arr_x[MaxN+1], arr_y[MaxN+1], numerator=1.0, denominator=1.0, x, y, p, h, diff_table[MaxN+1][Order_of_diff+1];
int i,j,n,k;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the value of n \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the values of x and y");

for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
scanf("%f%f", &arr_x[i], &arr_y[i]);
printf("Enter the value of x at which value of y is to be calculated");
scanf("%f", &x);
h=arr_x[1]-arr_x[0];

for(i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
diff_table[i][1]=arr_y[i+1]-arr_y[i];/*Creating the difference table and calculating first order differences*/
for(j=2; j<=Order_of_diff; j++)/*Calculating higher order differences*/
for(i=0; i<=n-j; i++)
diff_table[i][j]=diff_table[i+1][j-1] - diff_table[i][j-1];
i=0;

while(!(arr_x[i]>x)) /* Finding x0 */
i++;
i--;
p=(x-arr_x[i])/h;
y=arr_y[i];

for (k=1; k<=Order_of_diff; k++)
{
numerator *=p-k+1;
denominator *=k;
y +=(numerator/denominator)*diff_table[i][k];
}
printf("When x=%6.1f, y=%6.2f\n",x, y);
getch();
}


week 23:

1) Write C program to implement the linear regression algorithm.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<string.h>

float mean(float *a, int n);
void deviation(float *a, float mean, int n, float *d, float *S);

void main()
{
float a[20],b[20],dx[20],dy[20];
float sy=0,sx=0,mean_x=0,mean_y=0,sum_xy=0;
float corr_coff=0,reg_coff_xy=0, reg_coff_yx=0;
char type_coff[7];
int n=0,i=0;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the value of n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the values of x and y:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%f%f",&a[i],&b[i]);
mean_x=mean(a,n);
mean_y=mean(b,n);
deviation(a,mean_x,n,dx,&sx);
deviation(b,mean_y,n,dy,&sy);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
sum_xy=sum_xy+dx[i]*dy[i];
corr_coff=sum_xy/(n*sx*sy);
printf("Enter the type of regression coefficient as 'x on y' or 'y on x': ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(type_coff);

if(strcmp(type_coff,"x on y")==1)
{
reg_coff_xy=corr_coff*(sx/sy);
printf("\nThe value of linear regression coefficient is %f",reg_coff_xy);
}
else if(strcmp(type_coff,"y on x")==1)
{
reg_coff_yx=corr_coff*(sy/sx);
printf("\nThe value of linear regression coefficient is %f",reg_coff_yx);
}
else
printf("\nEnter the correct type of regression coefficient.");
getch();
}


float mean(float *a, int n)
{
float sum=0, i=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
sum=sum+a[i];
sum=sum/n;
return (sum);
}

void deviation(float *a, float mean, int n, float *d, float *s)
{
float sum=0,t=0;
int i=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
d[i]=a[i]-mean;
t=d[i]*d[i];
sum=sum+t;
}
sum=sum/n;
*s=sqrt(sum);
}


week 24:

1) Write C program to implement Simpson method.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

char postfix[80];
float stack[80];
char stack1[80];
int top=-1,top1=-1;
float eval(char postfix[], float x1);
void infix_postfix(char infix[]);

main()
{
float x0, xn, h, s,e1,e2, e3;
char exp[80], arr[80];
int i,n,l=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an expression: ");
gets(exp);
puts("Enter x0, xn and number of sub-intervals: ");
scanf("%f%f%d", &x0, &xn, &n);
h=(xn-x0)/n;
if(exp[0]=='l'&& exp[1]=='o'&& exp[2]=='g')
{
l=strlen(exp);
for(i=0;i<l-3; i++)
arr[0]=exp[i+3];
arr[i]='\0';
infix_postfix(arr);
e1=eval(postfix,x0);
e2=eval(postfix,xn);
e3=4*eval(postfix, x0+h);
s=log(e1)+log(e2)+log(e3);
for (i=3;i<=n-1;i+=2)
s+=4*eval(postfix,x0+i*h)+2*eval(postfix, x0+(i-1)*h);
}
else
{
infix_postfix(exp);
s=eval(postfix,x0)+eval(postfix,xn)+4*eval(postfix, x0+h);
for (i=3;i<=n-1;i+=2)
s+=4*eval(postfix,x0+i*h)+2*eval(postfix, x0+(i-1)*h);
}
printf("The value of integral is %6.3f\n",(h/3)*s);
return(0);
}
/*Inserting the operands in a stack. */
void push(float item)
{
if(top==99)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is full");
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
top++;
stack[top]=item;
}
return;
}
/*Removing the operands from a stack. */
float pop()
{
float item;
if(top==-1)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is empty\n\t");
getch();
}
item=stack[top];
top--;
return (item);
}
void push1(char item)
{
if(top1==79)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is full");
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
top1++;
stack1[top1]=item;
}
return;
}
/*Removing the operands from a stack. */
char pop1()
{
char item;
if(top1==-1)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack1 is empty\n\t");
getch();
}
item=stack1[top1];
top1--;
return (item);
}
/*Converting an infix expression to a postfix expression. */
void infix_postfix(char infix[])
{
int i=0,j=0,k;
char ch;
char token;
for(i=0;i<79;i++)
postfix[i]=' ';
push1('?');
i=0;
token=infix[i];
while(token!='\0')
{
if(isalnum(token))
{
postfix[j]=token;
j++;
}
else if(token=='(')
{
push1('(');
}
else if(token==')')
{
while(stack1[top1]!='(')
{
ch=pop1();
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
ch=pop1();
}
else
{
while(ISPriority(stack1[top1])>=ICP(token))
{
ch=pop1();
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
push1(token);
}
i++;
token=infix[i];
}
while(top1!=0)
{
ch=pop1();
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
postfix[j]='\0';
}

/*Determining the priority of elements that are placed inside the stack. */
int ISPriority(char token)
{
switch(token)
{
case '(':return (0);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '?':return (0);
default: printf("Invalid expression");
}
return 0;
}

/*Determining the priority of elements that are approaching towards the stack. */
int ICP(char token)
{
switch(token)
{
case '(':return (10);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '\0':return (0);
default: printf("Invalid expression");
}
return 0;
}
/*Calculating the result of expression, which is converted in postfix notation. */
float eval(char p[], float x1)
{
float t1,t2,k,r;
int i=0,l;
l=strlen(p);
while(i<l)
{
if(p[i]=='x')
push(x1);
else
if(isdigit(p[i]))
{
k=p[i]-'0';
push(k);
}
else
{
t1=pop();
t2=pop();
switch(p[i])
{
case '+':k=t2+t1;
break;
case '-':k=t2-t1;
break;
case '*':k=t2*t1;
break;
case '/':k=t2/t1;
break;
default: printf("\n\tInvalid expression");
}
push(k);
}
i++;
}
if(top>0)
{
printf("You have entered the operands more than the operators");
exit(0);
}
else
{
r=pop();
return (r);
}
return 0;
}


2) Write C program to implement Trapezoidal method.

program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

char postfix[80];
float stack[80];
char stack1[80];
int top=-1,top1=-1;

float eval(char postfix[], float x1);
void infix_postfix(char infix[]);

main()
{
float x0, xn, h, s,e1,e2;
char exp[80], arr[80];
int i,n,l=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an expression: ");
gets(exp);
puts("Enter x0, xn and number of subintervals");
scanf("%f%f%d", &x0, &xn, &n);
h=(xn-x0)/n;
if(exp[0]=='l'&& exp[1]=='o'&& exp[2]=='g')
{
l=strlen(exp);
for(i=0;i<l-3; i++)
arr[0]=exp[i+3];
arr[i]='\0';
infix_postfix(arr);
e1=eval(postfix,x0);
e2=eval(postfix,xn);
s=log(e1)+log(e2);
for (i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
s+=2*log(eval(postfix,x0+i*h));
}
else
{
infix_postfix(exp);
s=eval(postfix,x0)+eval(postfix,xn);
for (i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
s+=2*eval(postfix,x0+i*h);
}
printf("Value of the integral is %6.3f\n",(h/2)*s);
return(0);
}
/*Inserting the operands in a stack. */
void push(float item)
{
if(top==99)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is full");
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
top++;
stack[top]=item;
}
return;
}
/*Removing the operands from a stack. */
float pop()
{
float item;
if(top==-1)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is empty\n\t");
getch();
}
item=stack[top];
top--;
return (item);
}
void push1(char item)
{
if(top1==79)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack is full");
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
top1++;
stack1[top1]=item;
}
return;
}
/*Removing the operands from a stack. */
char pop1()
{
char item;
if(top1==-1)
{
printf("\n\tThe stack1 is empty\n\t");
getch();
}
item=stack1[top1];
top1--;
return (item);
}

/*Converting an infix expression to a postfix expression. */
void infix_postfix(char infix[])
{
int i=0,j=0,k;
char ch;
char token;
for(i=0;i<79;i++)
postfix[i]=' ';
push1('?');
i=0;
token=infix[i];
while(token!='\0')
{
if(isalnum(token))
{
postfix[j]=token;
j++;
}
else if(token=='(')
{
push1('(');
}
else if(token==')')
{
while(stack1[top1]!='(')
{
ch=pop1();
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
ch=pop1();
}
else
{

while(ISPriority(stack1[top1])>=ICP(token))
{
ch=pop1();
/*Assigning the popped element into the postfix array. */
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
push1(token);
}
i++;
token=infix[i];
}
while(top1!=0)
{
ch=pop1();
postfix[j]=ch;
j++;
}
postfix[j]='\0';
}

int ISPriority(char token)
{
switch(token)
{
case '(':return (0);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '?':return (0);
default: printf("Invalid expression");
break;
}
return 0;
}
/*Determining the priority of elements that are approaching towards the stack. */
int ICP(char token)
{
switch(token)
{
case '(':return (10);
case ')':return (9);
case '+':return (7);
case '-':return (7);
case '*':return (8);
case '/':return (8);
case '\0':return (0);
default: printf("Invalid expression");
break;
}
return 0;
}
/*Calculating the result of expression, which is converted in postfix notation. */
float eval(char p[], float x1)
{
float t1,t2,k,r;
int i=0,l;
l=strlen(p);
while(i<l)
{
if(p[i]=='x')
push(x1);
else
if(isdigit(p[i]))
{
k=p[i]-'0';
push(k);
}
else
{
t1=pop();
t2=pop();
switch(p[i])
{
case '+':k=t2+t1;
break;
case '-':k=t2-t1;
break;
case '*':k=t2*t1;
break;
case '/':k=t2/t1;
break;
default: printf("\n\tInvalid expression");
break;
}
push(k);
}
i++;
}
if(top>0)
{
printf("You have entered the operands more than the operators");
exit(0);
}
else
{
r=pop();
return (r);
}
return 0;
}

******************THE END********************